Some of Our Projects
Seismic Improvement Project
Vico del Gargano (Foggia - Italy)
The subject of this report is the structural project of Seismic Adjustment of the former railway station of San Menaio located in the municipality of Vico del Gargano.
The existing building is made of Masonry Bracing in squared stone blocks extended for a single floor above ground and with masonry foundations. The roof slab is of the non-pushing type with solid wood beams.
The project interventions consist in an improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the masonry by means of internal and external reinforced plaster with a thickness of 3 cm per part and 6x20 electro-welded mesh and an ac curb at the top will be made.
Furthermore, all the architraves on the existing openings were restored and the appropriate hoops were created for new openings where necessary. A wooden-concrete inter-floor slab will be built with solid wood UF beams with a 15x15 section on which a plank will be laid and a 5 cm thick reinforced concrete slab anchored to the wooden floor using appropriately sized Tecnaria connectors.
The existing wall of plug will also be removed and replaced with a reinforced concrete frame that will extend over the entire height of the building and will be appropriately clamped to the masonry structure and will be provided with inverted beam surface foundations.
The existing building is made of Masonry Bracing in squared stone blocks extended for a single floor above ground and with masonry foundations. The roof slab is of the non-pushing type with solid wood beams.
The project interventions consist in an improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the masonry by means of internal and external reinforced plaster with a thickness of 3 cm per part and 6x20 electro-welded mesh and an ac curb at the top will be made.
Furthermore, all the architraves on the existing openings were restored and the appropriate hoops were created for new openings where necessary. A wooden-concrete inter-floor slab will be built with solid wood UF beams with a 15x15 section on which a plank will be laid and a 5 cm thick reinforced concrete slab anchored to the wooden floor using appropriately sized Tecnaria connectors.
The existing wall of plug will also be removed and replaced with a reinforced concrete frame that will extend over the entire height of the building and will be appropriately clamped to the masonry structure and will be provided with inverted beam surface foundations.
LVL Laminated Wood Structure
(Latina - Italy)
The project in question concerns the construction of an LVL lamellar wood structure with a frame-based construction system, and in addition, a roofing system made of glulam wood beams GL24h.
Foundation Land
The investigations carried out, aimed at evaluating the cutting wave velocity (VS30) and / or the number of strokes of the Standard Penetration Test (NSPT), allow to classify the stratigraphic profile, for the purpose of determining the seismic action, of category C [C - Deposits of medium to thick coarse soils or medium to large grain soils].
Load Analysis
A careful assessment of the loads is an essential requirement for a correct design, in particular for constructions made in seismic areas. In fact, it is fundamental for the determination of the seismic forces, as it affects the evaluation of the masses and periods of the structure on which the acceleration values (ordered by the project spectra) depend.
Ductility Class
The ductility class is representative of the building's ability to dissipate energy in the inelastic field for repeated cyclic actions.
The inelastic deformations must be distributed in the greatest number of ductile elements, in particular the beams, thus safeguarding the pillars and especially the pillar beam nodes which are the most fragile elements.
Two types of structural behavior have been defined:
a) non-dissipative structural behavior;
b) dissipative structural behavior.
For structures with dissipative structural behavior, two levels of Dissipative Capacity or Ductility Classes (CD) are distinguished.
- CD "A" (High);
- CD "B" (Low).
The difference between the two classes lies in the extent of the plasticizations to which we refer back to the design phase; for both classes, in order to ensure the structure a dissipative and ductile behavior avoiding fragile breakages and the formation of unexpected unstable mechanisms, recourse is made to the typical processes of the resistance hierarchy. The structure in question has been designed in the "LOW" class ductility class.
Actions on the Structure
The loads acting on the floors, deriving from the analysis of the loads, are automatically distributed by the calculation program on the members (beams, pillars, walls, slabs, slabs, etc.).
The loads due to the infills, both on the foundation beams and on the floor ones, are schematised as linear loads acting exclusively on the rods.
On all the structural elements it is also possible to directly apply further concentrated and / or distributed actions (variables with linear law and agents along the entire auction or on limited sections of it).
The actions introduced directly are combined with the others (permanent, accidental loads and earthquake) by means of the load combinations described below; from them the probabilistic values to be used subsequently in the verifications are obtained.
Action of the Wind
The application of the wind action on the structure is divided into two phases:
Wooden Elements
With regard to the verification of the structural elements in wood, the checks carried out for each element depend on the function of the element in the structure.
For example, elements with prevailing axial behavior (bracing or belonging to reticular trusses) are verified by traction and / or compression; elements with load-bearing functions in relation to vertical loads are verified with a straight bending and cutting; elements with resistive functions against horizontal actions are tested with deflected bending / tensile deflection and cutting or with normal stress if they have the function of bracing.
Instability Checks
Foundations
Foundation Land
The investigations carried out, aimed at evaluating the cutting wave velocity (VS30) and / or the number of strokes of the Standard Penetration Test (NSPT), allow to classify the stratigraphic profile, for the purpose of determining the seismic action, of category C [C - Deposits of medium to thick coarse soils or medium to large grain soils].
Load Analysis
A careful assessment of the loads is an essential requirement for a correct design, in particular for constructions made in seismic areas. In fact, it is fundamental for the determination of the seismic forces, as it affects the evaluation of the masses and periods of the structure on which the acceleration values (ordered by the project spectra) depend.
Ductility Class
The ductility class is representative of the building's ability to dissipate energy in the inelastic field for repeated cyclic actions.
The inelastic deformations must be distributed in the greatest number of ductile elements, in particular the beams, thus safeguarding the pillars and especially the pillar beam nodes which are the most fragile elements.
Two types of structural behavior have been defined:
a) non-dissipative structural behavior;
b) dissipative structural behavior.
For structures with dissipative structural behavior, two levels of Dissipative Capacity or Ductility Classes (CD) are distinguished.
- CD "A" (High);
- CD "B" (Low).
The difference between the two classes lies in the extent of the plasticizations to which we refer back to the design phase; for both classes, in order to ensure the structure a dissipative and ductile behavior avoiding fragile breakages and the formation of unexpected unstable mechanisms, recourse is made to the typical processes of the resistance hierarchy. The structure in question has been designed in the "LOW" class ductility class.
Actions on the Structure
The loads acting on the floors, deriving from the analysis of the loads, are automatically distributed by the calculation program on the members (beams, pillars, walls, slabs, slabs, etc.).
The loads due to the infills, both on the foundation beams and on the floor ones, are schematised as linear loads acting exclusively on the rods.
On all the structural elements it is also possible to directly apply further concentrated and / or distributed actions (variables with linear law and agents along the entire auction or on limited sections of it).
The actions introduced directly are combined with the others (permanent, accidental loads and earthquake) by means of the load combinations described below; from them the probabilistic values to be used subsequently in the verifications are obtained.
Action of the Wind
The application of the wind action on the structure is divided into two phases:
- calculation of the Normal and Tangential pressure along the height of the building;
- transformation of the pressures into forces (linear / concentrated) on the elements (structural / non-structural) of the building.
Wooden Elements
With regard to the verification of the structural elements in wood, the checks carried out for each element depend on the function of the element in the structure.
For example, elements with prevailing axial behavior (bracing or belonging to reticular trusses) are verified by traction and / or compression; elements with load-bearing functions in relation to vertical loads are verified with a straight bending and cutting; elements with resistive functions against horizontal actions are tested with deflected bending / tensile deflection and cutting or with normal stress if they have the function of bracing.
Instability Checks
For all the structural elements, verification of the members was carried out against possible instability phenomena, such as the lateral heel of the compressed or baffled elements.
In particolare sono state effettuate le seguenti verifiche: In particular, the following checks were carried out:
- Stability checks for compressed elements;
- Stability checks for inflected and compressed elements
Foundations
- The actions transmitted in the foundation derive from the analysis of the behavior of the entire structure, conducted by examining the only elevation structure to which the static and seismic actions are applied;
- the sizing of the foundation structure and the safety verification of the foundation-soil complex are carried out, assuming structural dissipative behavior, assuming as actions in foundation those transferred from the amplified overlying elements of a coefficient YRd equal to 1.1 in CD "B" and 1.3 in CD "A".
Construction of a Residential Building
The project in question concerns the construction of a residential building annexed to agricultural activity with the system of weakly armed NIDYON load-bearing walls. The reinforced concrete structure has the following characteristics:
The "NIPAD" panel (Nidyon Double Panel) is a pre-reinforced "keep" formwork for the construction of insulated AC walls in the Nidyon industrialized construction technology. It allows to build, without height limitations, buildings characterized by a solid and monolithic structure particularly suitable for areas with high seismic risk.
The use of the double panel has the objective of creating buildings of high architectural quality, reducing construction time. The high thermo-acoustic performance and the absence of thermal bridges allow the achievement of energy class A.
It consists of EPS-RF sheets (self-extinguishing sintered polystyrene foam) having the double function of formwork at the time of casting (carried out on site) and double insulating coat.
Inside, two networks of structural steel are already provided, and externally two electro-welded meshes with a plaster door function. In the building site, the panels must be completed by casting an ordinary concrete conglomerate. The concrete casting phase in the building site allows, through a single operation, the realization of the load-bearing structures, the infill panels and the thermal insulation of the building. Finally, the external plaster is sprayed to complete the insulated load-bearing wall.
The thicknesses of the concrete walls can be customized according to the needs.
Foundation Land
The investigations carried out, aimed at evaluating the speed of the cutting waves and the number of strokes of the Standard Penetration Test, allow to classify the stratigraphic profile, for the purpose of determining the seismic action, of category B (soft rocks and deposits of grained soils or very thick or very fine grained soils).
The actions transmitted in the foundation derive from the analysis of the behavior of the entire structure, conducted by examining the only structure in elevation to which the static and seismic actions are applied.
- Walls in approx. 30-35 cm thick, against the foundation slab;
- Weakly reinforced walls NIDYON 10 + 15 + 5, of which 15 cm are in reinforced concrete;
- Foundation plank 30 cm;
- Thick internal beams;
- NIDYON wall curbs 30x25 cm.
The "NIPAD" panel (Nidyon Double Panel) is a pre-reinforced "keep" formwork for the construction of insulated AC walls in the Nidyon industrialized construction technology. It allows to build, without height limitations, buildings characterized by a solid and monolithic structure particularly suitable for areas with high seismic risk.
The use of the double panel has the objective of creating buildings of high architectural quality, reducing construction time. The high thermo-acoustic performance and the absence of thermal bridges allow the achievement of energy class A.
It consists of EPS-RF sheets (self-extinguishing sintered polystyrene foam) having the double function of formwork at the time of casting (carried out on site) and double insulating coat.
Inside, two networks of structural steel are already provided, and externally two electro-welded meshes with a plaster door function. In the building site, the panels must be completed by casting an ordinary concrete conglomerate. The concrete casting phase in the building site allows, through a single operation, the realization of the load-bearing structures, the infill panels and the thermal insulation of the building. Finally, the external plaster is sprayed to complete the insulated load-bearing wall.
The thicknesses of the concrete walls can be customized according to the needs.
Foundation Land
The investigations carried out, aimed at evaluating the speed of the cutting waves and the number of strokes of the Standard Penetration Test, allow to classify the stratigraphic profile, for the purpose of determining the seismic action, of category B (soft rocks and deposits of grained soils or very thick or very fine grained soils).
The actions transmitted in the foundation derive from the analysis of the behavior of the entire structure, conducted by examining the only structure in elevation to which the static and seismic actions are applied.
Laminated Wood Construction
Aprilia (Latina - Italy)
The building object of this report is located in the municipality of Aprilia (LT). The building is developed for a single floor above ground with load-bearing structures consisting of laminated LVL wood walls built using a frame construction system. The roof is made of glulam beams GL24h.
The foundation structures are of the superficial type of stalls in reinforced concrete conglomerate. The plan configuration is compact and approximately symmetrical with respect to two orthogonal directions, in relation to the distribution of masses and stiffnesses. No dimension of any re-entry or protrusion exceeds 25% of the total size of the construction in the corresponding direction. All vertical resistant systems (such as frames and walls) extend over the entire height of the building.
Actions on the Structure
The loads due to the infills, both on the foundation beams and on the floor ones, are schematised as linear loads acting exclusively on the rods.
Wooden Elements
With regard to the verification of the structural elements in wood, the checks carried out for each element depend on the function of the element in the structure. For example, elements with prevailing axial behavior (bracing or belonging to reticular trusses) are verified by traction and / or compression; elements with load-bearing functions in relation to vertical loads are verified with a straight bending and cutting; elements with resistive functions against horizontal actions are tested with deflected bending / tensile deflection and cutting or with normal stress if they have the function of bracing.
Foundations
Regarding the foundation structure: the actions transmitted in the foundation derive from the analysis of the behavior of the entire structure, conducted by examining the only structure in elevation to which the static and seismic actions are applied.
The foundation structures are of the superficial type of stalls in reinforced concrete conglomerate. The plan configuration is compact and approximately symmetrical with respect to two orthogonal directions, in relation to the distribution of masses and stiffnesses. No dimension of any re-entry or protrusion exceeds 25% of the total size of the construction in the corresponding direction. All vertical resistant systems (such as frames and walls) extend over the entire height of the building.
Actions on the Structure
The loads due to the infills, both on the foundation beams and on the floor ones, are schematised as linear loads acting exclusively on the rods.
Wooden Elements
With regard to the verification of the structural elements in wood, the checks carried out for each element depend on the function of the element in the structure. For example, elements with prevailing axial behavior (bracing or belonging to reticular trusses) are verified by traction and / or compression; elements with load-bearing functions in relation to vertical loads are verified with a straight bending and cutting; elements with resistive functions against horizontal actions are tested with deflected bending / tensile deflection and cutting or with normal stress if they have the function of bracing.
Foundations
Regarding the foundation structure: the actions transmitted in the foundation derive from the analysis of the behavior of the entire structure, conducted by examining the only structure in elevation to which the static and seismic actions are applied.
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